GWai | Glossary Text

A
A' Sized Paper	Paper sizes are based on dimensions of a large A0 sheet. Letterheads are commonly produced on A4 (297 x 210mm) sized paper.
A/W	Abbreviation for artwork.
Acetate	A thin flexible transparent sheet placed over artwork allowing the artist to write instructions or indicate where second colour is to be placed. (See Overlay)
Addendum	Various supplementary material additional to the main body of a book and printed separately at the start or end of the text
Against the Grain	At right angles to the grain direction to the paper.
Air (US)	An amount of white space in a layout.
Airbrush	A mechanical painting tool producing an adjustable spray of paint driven by compressed air. Used in illustration design and photographic retouching.
Align	To line up typeset or other graphic material as specified, using a base or vertical line as the reference point.
Alphabet (Length or Width)	The measurement of a complete set of lower case alphabet characters in a given type size expressed in points or picas.
Anodized Plate	An offset printing plate with a specially treated surface to reduce wear during printing.
Apex	The point of a character where two lines meet at the top, an example of this is the point on the letter A.
Application	A computer program designed for a particular use, such as a word processor or page layout application, i.e. Microsoft Word or Adobe InDesign.
Apron (US)	Additional white space allowed in the margins of text and illustrations when forming a foldout.
Art (US)	In graphic arts usage, all matter other than text material eg illustrations and photographs.
Art Paper	A smooth coated paper obtained by adding a coating of china clay compound on one or both sides of the paper.
Artwork	A process which follows the initial design stage which makes rough ideas into a print-ready form.
ASAP	An abbreviation for As Soon As Possible.
Ascender	Any part of a lower case letter extending above the x-height. For example, the upper half of the vertical in the letters b or h.
Authors Corrections	Changes made to the copy text by the author after typesetting, but not including those made as a result of errors in keying in the copy.
Autofold	The process of skewing, distorting, or folding geometry by selecting a specific point on an edge or face and moving the points. See also Sticky.
Axonometric	Meaning ‘measurable from the axes.’ An axonometric projection is a view of a model in which lines appear parallel in both 3 dimensional and 2 dimensional space, and lines have a length that is to some scale, e.g. 1
B
Backing up	To print the second side of printed sheet.
Backslant	Letters that slant the opposite way from italic characters.
Balloon	A circle or bubble enclosing copy in an illustration. Used in cartoons.
Bank	A lightweight writing paper.
Banner	A large headline or title extending across the full page width.
Base Artwork	The artwork requiring additional components such as halftones or line drawings to be added before the reproduction stage.
Baseline	The line on which the bases of capital letters sit.
Bed	The base on which the Forme is held when printing by Letterpress.
Binding	The various methods used to secure loose leaves or sections in a book; eg saddle-stitch, perfect bound.
Bitmap	A grid of pixels or printed dots generated by computer to represent type and images.
Black Patch	Material used to mask the window area on a negative image of the artwork prior to stripping in' a halftone.
Blanket	Thick rubber sheet that transfers ink from plate to paper on the press.
Blanket Cylinder	The cylinder via which the inked litho plate transfers the image to the paper. The cylinder is covered with a rubber sheet which prevents wear to the litho plate coming into contact with the paper.
Bleed	The printed image extends beyond the trim edge of a sheet or page. A bleed may occur at the head, front, foot and/or gutter of a page. layout, type or pictures that extend beyond the trim marks on a page. Illustrations that spread to the edge of the paper without margins are referred to as 'bled off'.
Blend	A smooth transition between two colours, also known as a graduated tint.
Blind Emboss	A raised impression made without using ink or foil.
Block in	To sketch in the main areas of an image prior to the design.
Blow up	An enlargement, most frequently of a graphic image or photograph.
Blurb	A short description or commentary of a book or author on a book jacket.
Board	Paper of more than 200gsm.
Body (US)	The main text of the work but not including headlines.
Body Size	The height of the type measured from the top of the tallest ascender to the bottom of the lowest descender. Normally given in points, the standard unit of type size.
Bold Type	Type with a heavier darker appearance. Most typefaces have a bold face.
Bond	A sized finished writing paper of 50gsm or more. Can also be used for printing upon.
Bond Paper	A grade of paper suited for letterheads, business forms etc.
Border	A continuous decorative design or rule surrounding the matter on the page.
Box	A section of text marked off by rules or white space and presented separately from the main text and illustrations. Longer boxed sections in magazines are sometimes referred to as sidebars.
Bristol Board	A fine board made in various qualities for drawing.
Broadside	An original term for work printed on one side of a large sheet of paper.
Bromide	A photographic print made on bromide paper.
Bronzing	An effect produced by dusting wet ink after printing with a metallic powder.
Bullet	A large dot preceding text to add emphasis.
C
CAD	See Computer Aided Design or Computer Assisted Design
Calendered Finish	Produced by passing paper through a series of metal rollers to give a very smooth surface.
Caliper	The thickness of sheet of paper or board expressed in microns (millionths of a metre). Also the name of the tool used to make the measurement.
Camera	A software implementation of the user's point of view. See also Point of View.
Camera Angle	See Point of View.
Camera Ready	The artwork or pasted up material that is ready for reproduction. Cap line - an imaginary line across the top of capital letters. The distance from the the cap line to the baseline is the cap size.
Caps	An abbreviation for capital letters.
Caps and Small Caps	Style of type that shows capital letters used in the normal way while the body copy is set in capital letters which are of a slightly smaller size.
Caption	The line or lines of text that refer to information identifying a picture or illustration.
Carbonless	A paper coated with chemicals and dye which will produce copies without carbon paper. Also referred to as NCR (No Carbon Required).
Carbonless Paper (NCR)	Paper coated with chemicals that enable transfer of images from one sheet to another with pressure from writing or typing.
Caret Marks	An indication to the printer of an omission in the copy indicated as ( ) showing the insertion.
Cartridge	A thick general purpose paper used for printing, drawing and wrapping.
Case Bound	A hardback book made with stiff outer covers. Cases are usually covered with cloth, vinyl or leather.
Cast Coated	Coated paper with a very high gloss enamel finish
Cast off	A calculation determining how much space copy will take up when typeset.
Catchline	A temporary headline for identification on the top of a galley proof.
Century Schoolbook	A popular serif typeface used in magazines and books for text setting which has a large x-height and an open appearance.
Chalking	Powdering effect left on the surface of the paper after the ink has failed to dry satisfactorily due to a fault in printing.
Character Count	The number of characters; I.e. letters, figures, signs or spaces in a piece of copy, line or paragraph.
Chase	A metal frame in which metal type and blocks (engravings) are locked into position to make up a page.
Choke	A method of altering the thickness of a shape by over exposure in processing or by means of a built-in option in some computer applications.
Chord Length	The distance between the starting point and the ending point of an Arc entity.
Chromolin	A fast proofing system which uses powder as opposed to ink.
Clipart	Graphics saved in ready-to-use computer files. these are normally vector illustrations and not photographic images.
Clipping Path	An outline embedded into the file, that tells an application which areas of a picture should be considered transparent.
Close up	A proof correction mark to reduce the amount of space between characters or words indicated as (').
CMYK	Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black), the 4 process colours, which combined together in varying Proportions can be made to produce the full colour spectrum.
Coated	Printing papers which after making have had a surface coating with clay etc, to give a smoother, more even finish with greater opacity.
Cold Type	Type produced without the use of characters cast from molten metal, such as on a VDU.
Collate	To gather separate sections or leaves of a book together in the correct order for binding.
Collating	Gathering together sheets of paper from a book, magazine or brochure and placing them into the correct order.
Colour Separation	Process by which a continuous tone colour image is separated into the four process colours (CMYK) for print production.
Column Rule	A light faced vertical rule used to separate columns of type.
Component Definition	Defines the appearance and behaviour of all component instances. Component definitions are created and stored in the Component Browser either as part of a Component Library or when you create a component.
Component Entity	An entity that contains other entities.
Component Instance	Instance of a component definition, such as an a single instance of an office chair component. You can have multiple component instances from the same component definition.
Component Library	A series of related component definitions, such as a component library of doors or windows.
Compose	To set copy into type.
Computer Aided Design	Software used for precision design. CAD is traditionally rigid and is often used for creating construction documents from which you would create the actual item you are designing.
Concertina Fold	A method of folding in which each fold opens in the opposite direction to its neighbour, giving a concertina or pleated effect.
Condensed	A style of typeface in which the characters have an elongated appearance.
Construction Tools	Tools used to create construction geometry and prepare physical documentation.
Context Menu	A menu of menu items or commands available in a particular context, such as when a line or component is selected.
Continuous Stationery	Printed Forms which are produced from reels of paper and then fan folded. these can be either single or multi-part forms.
Continuous Tone	A printed or displayed image in which the subject has continuous shades of colour or grey without being broken up by dots. Continuous tones cannot be reproduced in that form for printing but must be screened to translate the image into dots.
Contrast	The degree of tones in a photograph ranging from highlight to shadow.
Coplanar	Refers to entities that existing in the same plane.
Copyright	The Right of Copyright gives protection to the originator of material to prevent use without express permission or acknowledgement of the originator.
Corner Marks	Marks printed on a sheet to indicate the trim or register marks.
Crash Number	Numbering paper by pressing an image on the first sheet which is transferred to all parts of the printed set.
Crease	To mechanically press a rule into heavy paper or board to enable it to be folded without cracking.
Creep	Phenomenon when middle pages of a folded section extend slightly beyond the outside pages.
Crop	To trim the edges of a picture or page to make it fit or remove unwanted portions.
Crop Marks	Lines near the margins of artwork or photos indicating where to trim, perforate or fold.
Cropping	Elimination of parts of a photograph or other original that are not required to be printed. Cropping allows the remaining parts of the image to be enlarged to fill the space.
Cross Head	A heading set in the body of the text used to break it into easily readable sections.
CTP	Abbreviation of computer-to-plate; a process of printing directly from a computer onto the plate used by a printing press.
Cursive	Used to describe typefaces that resemble written script.
Curved Face Set	A series of faces joined to make up a curved surface, such as a tube or arch.
Cutaway	Cutaway (2 and 3 dimensional art). A cutaway involves selectively removing surface elements of a three-dimensional model to make internal features visible, but without sacrificing the outer context entirely. The technique is used extensively in Technical Illustration and Computer-aided design.
Cut Flush	A method of trimming a book after the cover has been attached to the pages.
Cutout	A halftone where the background has been removed to produce a silhouette.
Cutting Behaviour	Ability for component entities to cut holes in faces. The component's cutting behaviour is established when the component is initially created.
Cutting Plane	A plane defining the exact location where the component will cut into a face.
Cyan	One of the four process colours.
D
Dagger and Double Dagger	Symbols used mainly as reference marks for footnotes.
Dash	A short horizontal rule used for punctuation.
Deboss	Image pressed into paper so it lies below the surface.
Default Material	A material assigned to all newly created faces. The default material is different for the front and back of faces.
Density	The degree of darkness of light absorption or opacity of printed images.
Descender	Any part of a lower case letter that extends below the x-height, as in the case of y and j.
Dialog Stack	Dialog boxes arranged such that they form a stack.
Die	A hardened steel engraving stamp used to print an inked image. Used in the production of good quality letter headings.
Die-Cutting	Process of using sharp metal rules on a block to cut out specialised shapes such as pocket folders or unusually shaped flyers etc.
Digital Printing	Benefits are for very short runs or for personalised print.
Display Type	Larger type used for headings etc. Normally about 18 point or larger.
Distort	Twisting out of natural shape.
Dot Gain	A printing defect in which dots print larger than intended, causing darker colours or tones; due to the spreading of ink on stock. the more absorbent the stock, the more dot gain. can vary by type of ink also.
Dot Matrix Printer	A printer in which each character is formed from a matrix of dots. They are normally impact systems, ie a wire is fired at a ribbon in order to leave an inked dot on the page, but thermal and electro-erosion systems are also used.
Double Density	Method of recording on floppy disks using a modified frequency modulation process that allows more data to be stored on a disk.
Double Page Spread	Two facing pages of newspaper or magazine where the textual material on the left hand side continues across to the right hand side. Abbreviated to DPS.
Downloadable Fonts	Typefaces which can be stored on a disk and then downloaded to the printer when required for printing. These are, by definition, bit-mapped fonts and, therefore, fixed in size and style.
DPI (Dots per Inch)	Measurement of resolution for page printers, phototypesetting machines and graphics screens. Currently graphics screens reproduce 60 to 110dpi, most page printers work at 300-1200dpi and typesetting systems operate at 1,000dpi and higher. A measure of the quality of an image from a scanner or output resolution of a printer. The more dots per inch, the higher the quality will be but the larger the file size the slower it will process.
Drawing Area	The area within the Drawing Window where you create your model. See also Drawing Window.
Drawing Tool	A software tool used to create entities and geometry from scratch.
Drawn on	A method of binding a paper cover to a book by drawing the cover on and gluing to the back of the book.
Drilling	Drilling of holes in product which will allow insertion over rings or posts in a binder of some sort.
Drop Cap	A large initial letter at the start of the text that drops into the line or lines of text below.
Dry Transfer (Lettering)	Characters, drawings, etc, that can be transferred to the artwork by rubbing them off the back of the transfer sheet. Best known is Letraset.
Dummy	A mock-up made to resemble the final printed product which uses the proposed grade, weight, finish and colour of paper.
Duotone	A method of enhancing a mono image using two colours.
Dye Transfer	A photographic colour print using special coated papers to produce a full colour image. Can serve as an inexpensive proof.
E
Edge Entity	Edges bound faces within geometry. The term edge and line are used interchangeably
Edge-Based Modelling	A form of modelling in which a surface is automatically created for 3 intersecting coplanar edges.
Egyptian	A term for a style of type faces having square serifs and almost uniform thickness of strokes.
Eight Sheet	A poster measuring 60 x 80in (153 x 203cm) and, traditionally, made up of eight individual sheets.
Electronic Publishing	Generic term for the distribution of information which is stored, transmitted and reproduced electronically. Teletext and Videotext are two examples of this technology in its purest form, ie no paper.. Desktop publishing forms just one part of the electronic publishing market.
Em	In printing terms it is a square unit with edges equal in size to the chosen point size. It gets its name from the letter M which originally was as wide as the type size.
Em Dash	A dash used in punctuation the length of one em.
Embed	Inclusion of elements and data into a computer file necessary to maintain or change the elements when used remotely.
Embossing	A process performed after printing to stamp a raised (or depressed) image into the surface of paper, using engraved metal embossing dies, extreme pressure, and heat. embossing styles include blind, deboss and foil-embossed.
Embossing	Relief images formed by using a recessed die.
En	A unit of measurement that is half as wide as an em.
En Dash	A dash approximately half the width of an em dash.
End Papers	The four page leaves at the front and end of a book which are pasted to the insides of the front and back covers (boards).
EPS	Acronym for Encapsulated PostScript, a computer file format widely used by the printing and graphics industries.
Epson Emulation	The industry standard control codes for dot matrix printers were developed by Epson and virtually all software packages and most dot matrix printers either follow or improve on these codes.
Expanded Type	A typeface with a slightly wider body giving a flatter appearance.
Express	a printer control language developed by OASYS.
Extrude	The action of thrusting out or growing a form.
Extrusion	A from that has been extruded. See Extrude.
F
Face	An abbreviation for typeface referring to a family in a given style.
Face Entity	A planer entity bounded by 3 or more intersecting coplanar edges or lines.
Face Shadows	Shadows projected onto horizontal faces by vertical faces based on the sun's angle in the sky.
File Format	The system by which data is held in a particular type of computer file.
Filler	Extra material used to complete a column or page, usually of little importance.
Flag	The designed title of a newspaper as it appears at the top of page one.
Flexography	A rotary letterpress process printing from rubber or flexible plates and using fast drying inks. Mainly used for packaging.
Floating Accent	An accent mark which is set separately from the main character and is then placed either over or under it.
Flush	To align, to be even with. (flush right to a margin for example).
Flush Left	Copy aligned along the left margin.
Flush Right	Copy aligned along the right margin.
Flyer	An inexpensively produced circular used for promotional distribution.
Foil Blocking	The process for stamping a design on a book cover without ink by using a coloured foil with pressure from a heated die or block.
Foil Stamping	A metallic finish, or other embossed finishes applied by specialist equipment.
Font	One of a range of styles/typefaces in which lettering can be produced during the type setting stage, e.g. Times New Roman, 10pt.
Font (or Fount)	A complete set of characters in a typeface.
Format	Size, shape and overall style of layout or printed project.
Forme	Type and blocks assembled in pages and imposed in a metal chase ready for printing.
Four-Colour Process	Reproduction of full-colour photographs or art with the four basic colours of ink (cyan, magenta, yellow, black).
Free Delivery	To your address within 50 miles of Bishops!
French Fold	A sheet which has been printed on one side only and then folded with two right angle folds to form a four page uncut section.
Full Colour	Or 'four colour process' using the four basic printing colours: cyan, magenta, yellow and black.
Full Measure	A line set to the entire line length.
Full Point	A full stop.
Functional Terrain	Terrain that has no portion of itself bending back upon itself creating overhangs, underhangs or caves.
G
Galley Proof	Proofs taken from the galleys before being made up into pages.
Galleys	The printing term for long metal trays used to hold type after it had been set and before the press run.
Gatefold	An oversize page where both sides fold into the gutter in overlapping layers. Used to accommodate maps into books.
Gathering	The operation of inserting the printed pages, sections or signatures of a book in the correct order for binding.
Gloss Ink	For use in litho and letterpress printing on coated papers where the ink will dry without penetration
Gluing Behaviour	The ability of component entities to align to faces in a specific orientation. The component's gluing behaviour is established when the component is initially created.
Golden Ratio	Rule devised to give proportions of height to width when laying out text and illustrations to produce the most optically pleasing result. Sometimes called the Golden Rectangle.
Gothic	Typefaces with no serifs and broad even strokes.
Graphics File	General term used for a computer file containing a picture: photographic image, illustration etc.
Gravure	A rotary printing process where the image is etched into the metal plate attached to a cylinder. The cylinder is then rotated through a trough of printing ink after which the etched surface is wiped clean by a blade leaving the non-image area clean. The paper is then passed between two rollers and pressed against the etched cylinder drawing the ink out by absorption.
Greeking	Areas of grey are used to simulate lines of text. One of desktop publishing's less clever methods of getting round the slowness of high resolution displays on the PC.
Grayscale	Shades of grey ranging from black to white; in printing, grayscale uses only a black halftone plate.
Grid	A systematic division of a page into areas to enable designers to ensure consistency. The grid acts as a measuring guide and shows text, illustrations and trim sizes.
Grippers	Metal fingers which hold paper and carry it through printing impression to the delivery end of the press.
Ground Shadows	Shadows projected onto the ground plane by vertical faces based on the sun's angle in the sky.
Group Entity	An entity that contains other entities. Groups are commonly used to combine several entities into a single entity for the purposes of performing a quick operation, such as a copy and paste.
GSM	Grams per square metre. Paper weight is measured in grams per square metre.
Guard	A narrow strip of paper or linen pasted to a single leaf to allow sewing into a section for binding.
Gusset	Expandable portion of a pocketed folder or envelope.
Gutter	The central blank area between left and right pages.
GWai	An abbreviation for Griff Wason art and illustration.
H
Hairline Rule	The thinnest rule that can be printed.
Hairlines	The thinnest of the strokes in a typeface.
Half up	Artwork one and a half times the size which it will be reproduced.
Halftone	Picture with varying shades of tone created by varying size dots.
Hanging Punctuation	Punctuation that is allowed to fall outside the margins instead of staying within the measure of the text.
Hard Disk	Rigid disk sealed inside an airtight transport mechanism. Information stored may be accessed more rapidly than on floppy disks and far greater amounts of data may be stored. Often referred to as Winchester disks.
Hardback	A case bound book with a separate stiff board cover.
Head	The margin at the top of a page.
Head Margin	The white space above the first line on a page.
Healing	The concept of joining two faces by erasing, or "healing" a line that intersects a face. Creating one face from two.
Helvetica	A sans serif typeface.
Hickey	Spot or imperfection in printing.
Highlight	The lightest area in a photograph or illustration.
House Style	The style of preferred spelling, punctuation, hyphenation and indentation used in a publishing house or by a particular publication to ensure consistent typesetting.
Hue	The main attribute of a colour which distinguishes it from other colours.
I
Icons	Pictorial images used on screen to indicate utility functions, files, folders or applications software. The icons are generally activated by an on-screen pointer controlled by a mouse or trackball.
Image Area	Portion of paper where ink appears.
Imagesetter	A device that plots high-resolution bitmaps which have been processed by a RIP. may include type, graphics and photographic images.
Import	To bring a picture or text file into and application ready for editing or design work.
Imposition	Positioning pages in a press-ready form so that they will be in the correct numerical sequence after folding.
Impress	A page description language developed by Imagen and supported by over 60 software products including Crystal, TeX, Superpage and AutoCAD. Almost certainly the first commercially available PDL.
Impression Cylinder	The cylinder of a printing machine which brings the paper into contact with the with the printing plate or blanket cylinder.
Imprint	Name and place of the publisher and printer required by law if a publication is to be published. Sometimes accompanied by codes indicating the quantity printed, month/year of printing and an internal control number.
InDesign (Adobe)	Adobe InDesign CSx - An industry standard typesetting and page layout program.
Indicia	Postal information place on a printed product.
Inference	The Identification of relationships between entities in the drawing area. These relationships are identified and pointed out to the user by the inferencing engine and can be used as references for drawing in 3D space.
Insert	An instruction to the printer for the inclusion of additional copy.
Insertion Point	The point where the cursor will grab and insert the component in to a model from the component browser.
Instance	See Component Instance.
Interface	The circuit, or physical connection, which controls the flow of data between a computer and its peripherals.
International Paper Sizes	International Standards Organisation (ISO) system of paper sizes is based on a series of three sizes A, B and C. Series A is used for general printing and stationery, Series B for posters and Series C for envelopes.
Interpress	Interpress - Xerox Corporation's page description language which was the first such product to be implemented. At present the language still has to be adopted commercially by a third party.
Intersection	The concept of splitting faces and edges to create additional independent faces and edges by intersecting the face or edge with a line.
ISBN	International Standard Book Number. A reference number given to every published work. Usually found on the back of the title page.
Italic	Type with sloping letters.
Ivory Board	A smooth high white board used for business cards etc.
J
Job Ticket / Job Sheet	Alternate names for a works order.
Jog	To shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the edges line up. Also referred to as knocking-up.
JPEG	Joint Photographic Electronic Group. a common standard for compressing image data.
Justified	Text which is flush to both the left and right margins.
Justify	The alignment of text along a margin or both margins. This is achieved by adjusting the spacing between the words and characters as necessary so that each line of text finishes at the same point.
K
Kb (Kilobyte)	1024 bytes, a binary 1,000.
Keep Standing	To hold type or plates ready for reprints.
Kerning	The adjustment of spacing between certain letter pairs, A and V for example, to obtain a more pleasing appearance. Not all DTP systems can achieve this.
Keyline	An outline drawn or set on artwork showing the size and position of an illustration or halftone.
Kiss-Cut	To die-cut but not all the way through the paper – commonly used for peel off stickers.
Knockout	A shape or object printed by eliminating (knocking out) all background colours.
Kraft Paper	A tough brown paper used for packing.
L
Lamination	A thin film coating which is applied to the paper or board to give a more glossy or matt appearance.
Layer	Programmed layers are used to control the visibility of geometry within large models. Layer attributes may be a name, number or description.
Layer Manager	A dialog box used to apply and manage layers in your model
Layout File	The file created by computer application software which contains all the imported elements and where all the design and layout of a document are performed.
Line Block	A letterpress printing plate made up of solid areas and lines and without tones.
Line Copy	Copy which can be reproduced without using halftones.
Line Gauge	A metal rule used by printers. Divided into Picas it is 72 picas long (11.952in).
Linen Tester	A magnifying glass designed for checking the dot image of a halftone.
Lineup Table	A table with an illuminated top used for preparing and checking alignment of page layouts and paste-ups.
Lining Figures	Numerals that align on the baseline and at the top.
Linotype	The Manufacturers of a range of high resolution phototypesetting machines such as the 100, 202, 300 and 500. The 100, 300 and 500 series are capable of processing PostScript files through an external RIP and typesetting desktop publishing files direct from disk at 1270dpi and beyond.
Lithography	A printing process based on the principle of the natural aversion of water to grease. The photographically prepared printing plate when being made is treated chemically so that the image will accept ink and reject water.
Logo	Short for Logotype. A word or combination of letters set as a single unit. Also used to denote a specially styled company name designed as part of a corporate image.
Loose Leaf	A method of binding which allows the insertion and removal of pages for continuous updating.
Lower Case	The small letters in a font of type.
LPI	Lines per inch - refers to the quality of a halftone screen. it is important to distinguish it from dpi which refers to the resolution of a device or image. commonly lpi is used at exactly half of the dpi of the device or image, i.e. 300dpi would equal 150lpi.
M
Magenta	One of the four process colours, also known as red.
Make-Ready	The work associated with the set-up of printing equipment before running a job.
Manager	A dialog box used to store and manipulate a specific aspect of SketchUp functionality such as scenes, components, or materials.
Material	Software-simulated paints that have both color and texture attributes. For example, a brick material might contain the color of red and a rough appearance or texture similar to real brick.
Matt	A non glossy finish.
Metal Plate	A metal sheet with a specially coated 'emulsion' on its surface which when exposed through a film mask or by CTP process will produce an image. when the plate is loaded onto printing press it then reproduces this image using inks onto the paper.
Micrometer	Instrument used for measuring the thickness of paper.
Modeless Dialog Box	A dialog box that does not prohibit the user's interaction with the application. See also Modal Dialog Box.
Modification Tool	A software tool used to modify existing entities or geometry.
Moiré Pattern	Udesirable grid-like pattern caused by the misalignment of dots on a printed document. this can occur when printing or sometimes when scanning from pre-printed material.
Move Point	The point where you click on the entity with the Move Tool.
N
Newsprint	Unsized, low quality, absorbent paper used for printing newspapers.
Nipping	A stage in book binding where after sewing the sheets are pressed to expel air.
O
Oblique Stroke	(/)
OCR (Optical Character Recognition)	A special kind of scanner which provides a means of reading printed characters on documents and converting them into digital codes that can be read into a computer as actual text rather than just a picture.
Offprint	A run-on or reprint of an article first published in a magazine or journal.
Offset Lithography	(see Lithography) a printing method whereby the image is transferred from a plate onto a rubber covered cylinder from which the printing takes place.
Offset Printing	A method in which the plate or cylinder transfers an ink image to an offset or transfer roller, which then transfers the image to stock.
Oldstyle (US)	A style of type characterised by stressed strokes and triangular serifs. An example of an oldstyle face is Garamond.
One-Point Perspective	A Central perspective or one point perspective there is only one vanishing point (vp), which is located straight in front of the viewer: it is the vanishing point for the direction of view. This is not determined by our view, but the flat faces and tunnel walls of all objects within view. All lines drawn in the blue axes are exactly perpendicular to the ground plane and all of the lines drawn in the red and green axes are exactly perpendicular to the blue axes when viewing a 2 or 3 dimensional drawing viewed in one point perspective.
Onion Skin	A translucent lightweight paper used in air mail stationery.
Opacity	Term used to describe the degree to which paper will show print through.
Optical Centre	A point above the true centre of the page which will not appear 'low' as the geometric centre does.
Optical Disks	CD’s, DVD’s or Magneto Optical disks on which large amounts of information can be stored in binary form representing characters of text or images. The disks cannot be used to view the information using a modified compact disk player and TV. Mainly used for reference works such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.
Organic Shape	Geometry or models that have a hand-made or custom appearance.
Origin	The point where the Drawing Axes start or originate.
Origination	A term used to describe all of the processes which prepare a job for the printing stage.
Orphan	A line of type on its own at the top or bottom of a page.
Outline	A typeface in which the characters are formed with only the outline defined rather than from solid strokes.
Outline Paths	A term used when converting a font or graphic into a mathematical vector format. can also be called 'curves'.
Overlay	A transparent sheet used in the preparation of multi-colour artwork showing the colour breakdown.
Overprinting	Printing over an area already printed. Used to emphasise changes or alterations.
Over-Run	Copies printed in excess of the quantity specified in the order.
Overs	Additional paper required to compensate for spoilage in printing. Also used to refer to a quantity produced above the number of copies ordered.
Overstrike	A method used in word processing to produce a character not in the typeface by superimposing two separate characters, eg $ using s and l.
Ozalid	A trade name to describe a method of copying page proofs from paper or film.
P
Page Count	Total number of pages, including blanks and printed pages without numbers.
Page Description Language (PDL)	Programming language which enables both text and graphics (object or bit-image) to be described in a series of mathematical statements. Their main benefit is that they allow the applications software to be independent of the physical printing device as opposed to the normal case where specific routines have to be written for each device. Typical PDLs include Interpress, imPress, PostScript and DDL.
Page Printer	The more general (and accurate) name used to describe non-impact printers which produce a complete page in one action. Examples include laser, LED and LCD shutter xerographic printers, ion deposition, electro-erosion and electro-photographic printers.
Page Proofs	The stage following galley proofs, in which pages are made up and paginated.
Pagemaker	Software program from Aldus Corporation that everyone associates with desktop publishing due to its immense success on the Apple Macintosh. Now available on both the Macintosh and the PC it is still used as a benchmark product although certain aspects of its design are coming under attack from other, more recent, products.
Pagination	The numbering of pages in a book.
Pan	A camera movement in which the camera turns side to side.
Pantone	A registered name for an ink colour matching system.
Pantone® Colours	Premixed ink colours that are often specified for printing as a spot colour. can be matched using CMYK but will not be exactly the same colour as its Pantone colour counterpart.
Paper Plate	A short run offset printing plate on which matter can be typed directly.
Paragraph Mark ( )	A type symbol used to denote the start of a paragraph. Also used as a footnote sign.
Paraline	See Axonometric.
Parallel Fold	A method of folding; eg two parallel folds will produce a six page sheet.
Paste up	The various elements of a layout mounted in position to form camera-ready artwork.
Perfect Binding	A bookbinding method in which pages are glued rather than sewn to the cover. used primarily for paperback books.
Perfecting	Process of printing both sides of one sheet during a single pass through the press.
Perfector	A printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the machine.
Perspective	The Distortion of the Camera Angle such that it represents the model as though you were standing at a fixed position and looking at it without moving (certain items appear closer while other items appear to be far away; entities are not to scale).
Photogravure	See (Gravure) a printing process where the image is etched into the plate cylinder. The main advantage of this method of printing is the high speed, long run capability. Used mainly for mail order and magazine work.
Pi Fonts	Special characters not usually included in a font, but which are added specially. Examples of these are timetable symbols and mathematical signs.
Pica	A printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 points to a pica, one pica is approximately 0.166in.
Picking	The effect of ink being too tacky and lifting fibres out of the paper. Shows up as small white dots on areas of solid colour.
Pipelining (autoflow)	Ability of a program to allow text to flow automatically text from the end of one column or page to the beginning of the next. An extra level of sophistication can be created by allowing the flow to be re-directed to any page and not just the next available.
Plane	A flat or level surface.
Point	A Measurement for the size of type, distance between lines and thickness of rules. one point equals one seventy-second of an inch (0.3515mm).
Point	Standard unit of type size of which there are 72 to the inch (one point is approximately 0.01383in). Point size is the measured from the top of the ascender to the bottom of the descender.
Point of View	The user's view of the model.
Polygon Mesh	A surface comprised of polygons, each derived from irregularly spaced points.
Portrait	An upright image or page where the height is greater than the width.
Positive	A true photographic image of the original made on paper or film.
Postscript	A page description language developed by Adobe Systems. Widely supported by both hardware and software vendors it represents the current 'standard' in the market. John Warnock and Chuck Geschke of Adobe both worked for Xerox at the Palo Alto Research Centre where PDLs were invented and set up their company to commercially exploit the concepts they had helped develop.
POV	See Point of View.
Preview Mode	A mode where word processing or desktop publishing software which doesn't always operate in WYSIWYG fashion can show a representation of the output as it will look when printed. The quality ranges from acceptable to worse than useless.
Primary Colours	Cyan, magenta and yellow. These three colours when mixed together with black will produce a reasonable reproduction of all other colours.
Print Engine	The parts of a page printer which perform the print-imaging, fixing and paper transport. In fact, everything but the controller.
Printer Command Language	Language developed by Hewlett Packard for use with its own range of printers. Essentially a text orientated language, it has been expanded to give graphics capability.
Process Blue/Process Red/Process Yellow/Process Black	Alternate names for the CMYK colours
Process Colour	Colour specified in percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow and black. when superimposed during printing the four colour printing process, their separate plates can recreate millions of different colours.
Progressives	Colour proofs taken at each stage of printing showing each colour printed singly and then superimposed on the preceding colour.
Proof	A copy obtained from inked type, plate, block or screen for checking purposes.
Proof Correction Marks	A standard set of signs and symbols used in copy preparation and to indicate corrections on proofs. Marks are placed both in the text and in the margin.
Proportional Spacing	A method of spacing whereby each each character is spaced to accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability. Books and magazines are set proportionally spaced, typewritten documents are generally monospaced.
Pull-down Menus	First developed by Xerox research at Palo Alto (PARC). They are a method of providing user control over software without cluttering up the screen with text. Using the mouse or cursor keys the user points to the main heading of the menu he or she wants and the menu pulls (Windows) or drops (GEM) from the heading. When the required function has been selected the menu rolls back up into the menu bar leaving the screen clear.
Pulling	The process of reshaping your model by shrinking a portion of your model back toward its starting point along a single axis.
Pulp	The raw material used in paper making consisting mainly of wood chips, rags or other fibres. Broken down by mechanical or chemical means.
Pushing	The process of reshaping a your model by expanding a portion away from its starting point and along a single axis.
Q
Quadding	The addition of space to fill out a line of type using en or em blocks.
Quark Xpress	An industry standard typesetting and page layout program.
Quire	1/20th of a ream (25 sheets).
R
Recto	Right hand page of an open publication.
Registration Marks	Are crosses or other marks placed on artwork which ensure perfect alignment ('registration'). Reference marks on the page used to align overlaying colours. Also known as trim marks or crop marks.
Resolution	the number of dots per inch (dpi) in a computer-processed document. the level of detail retained by a printed document increases with higher resolution. ppi (pixels per inch) for an image.
Reversed-Out	Type appearing white on a black or colour background, either a solid or a tint.
RGB	Acronym for red, green and blue. RGB is a colour model used for computer monitors and colour video output systems. colour separations for litho printing can not be made directly from RGB files and need to be converted to CMYK first.
RIP (Raster Image Processor)	Computer used to create an electronic bitmap for actual output. this may be built into an imagesetter or may be separate.
Rosette	Printed mage formation created by the dots that make up four-colour images. The dots, magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and black, overlap each other in a cluster. because the dots are not perfectly round, and because they are turned at angles to each other, this cluster resembles the arrangement of petals in a rose or a doily.
S
Saddle Stitch	A binding process in which a pamphlet or booklet is stapled through the middle fold of its sheets using metal wires.
Scanning	Process of converting a hard copy into digital data ready for editing and design. the quality of the scan is dependent on the quality of the original, the scanning equipment and software as well as the experience of the operator!
Scene	Similar to a slide in presentation software, a scene consists of your model and a series of scene-specific settings, such as a specific point of view, shadow, display setting, and section cut.
Score	A pressed mark in a sheet of paper or card to make folding cleaner and easier.
Section Cut Effect	The result of slicing through your model to see inside and optionally modify its inner working.
Section Plane	Special entities that are used to control the selection, placement, orientation, direction, of the section slice.
Section Slice	The edges created by the intersection of geometry at a section plane.
Segment	A Segment is a single line that, when combined, form an arc, circle, or polygon. The more segments an entity has, the smoother it appears.
Self-Cover	The paper used inside a booklet is the same as that used for the cover and is generally printed on the same press run.
Skew	To place at an angle.
Solid	An area on the page which is completely covered by the ink.
Split	The concept of creating two faces from one by dividing the face with a line.
Spot Colour	Not produced using the process colours. instead the colour is printed using an ink made exclusively. each spot colour therefore requires its own separate printing plate. spot colours do not apply to digital printing as the printing devices can only reproduce from the four process colours; cyan, magenta, yellow and black.
Spread	Two or more adjoining pages that would appear in view on sheet.
Step-up	A term used to describe the positioning of documents several times onto the same sheet of paper to avoid paper wastage. it's also known as imposition.
Stickiness	Entities are said to be "sticky" in that when connected to another entity, moving one entity might move or alter the another, attached, entity. See also Autofold.
Stock	A term for the material any project is printed onto.
Strap	A subheading used above the main headline in a newspaper article.
Strike-through	The effect of ink soaking through the printed sheet.
Style Sheet	Collection of tags specifying page layout styles, paragraph settings and type specifications which can be set up by the user and saved for use in other documents. Some page makeup programs, such as Ventura, come with a set of style sheets.
Subscript	the small characters set below the normal letters or figures.
Supercalendered Paper	Smooth finished paper with a polished appearance, produced by rolling the paper between calendars. Examples of this are high gloss and art papers.
Superscript	The small characters set above the normal letters or figures.
Surface	A series of joined faces.
Surprint (US)	(see Overprinting) printing over a previously printed area of either text or graphics.
Swash Letters	Italic characters with extra flourishes used at the beginning of chapters.
Swatch	A colour sample.
T
Tabloid	A page half the size of a broadsheet.
Tabular Setting	text set in columns such as timetables.
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)	A common format for interchanging digital information, generally associated with grayscale or bitmap data.
Tags	The various formats which make up a style sheet- paragraph settings, margins and columns, page layouts, hyphenation and justification, widow and orphan control and automatic section numbering.
Template	A standard layout usually containing basic details of the page dimensions.
Text	The written or printed material which forms the main body of a publication.
Text Type	Typefaces used for the main text of written material. Generally no larger than 14 point in size.
Text Wrap	See Runaround.
Thermography	A print finishing process producing a raised image imitating die stamping. The process takes a previously printed image which before the ink is dry is dusted with a resinous powder. The application of heat causes the ink and powder to fuse and a raised image is formed.
Thin Space	The thinnest space normally used to separate words.
Thirty Two Sheet	A poster size measuring 120in x 160in (3048mm x 4064mm).
Threaded or Chained (US)	See Pipelining.
Three-Point Perspective	In three-point perspective there are three vanishing points (vp), allowing you to construct a form in any orientation. Three-point perspective is usually used to represent three dimensions in a three-dimensional medium such as SketchUp.
Thumbnails	The first ideas or sketches of a designer noted down for future reference.
Tied Letters	See Ligature.
TIFF or TIF	An Acronym for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF (.TIF) pictures can be black-and-white line art, grayscale or colour, widely used format for image/photographic files but is unsuitable for text unless its is created at a very hi-resolution. TIFF files may or may not be compressed to save storage space.
Tilt	A camera movement in which the camera tilts up or down.
Tint	An area of tone made by a pattern of dots, which lightens the apparent colour of the ink with which it is printed. The effect of adding white to a solid colour or of screening a solid area.
Tip in	The separate insertion of a single page into a book either during or after binding by pasting one edge.
Tone Line Process	The process of producing line art from a continuous tone original.
Transparency	A full colour photographically produced image on transparent film.
Trapping	A slight overlapping between two touching colours that prevents gaps from appearing along the edges of an object because of misalignment or movement on the printing press.
Trash Can (US)	The icon selected for the deleting of files or objects.
Triangulated Irregular Network	A surface comprised of triangles, each derived from irregularly spaced points. This surface is also referred to as a Sandbox and Mesh.
Triangulation	The orientation of triangles in a TIN (horizontal or vertical). See also Triangulated Irregular Network.
Trim	The Cutting of the finished product to the correct size. Marks are incorporated on the printed sheet to show where the trimming is to be made.
Turnaround Time	Amount of time needed to complete a project.
Turnkey	A system designed for a specific user and to work as an integrated unit. Usually has built-in contractual responsibilities for hardware and software maintenance.
Twin Wire	Paper which has an identical smooth finish on both sides.
Two-Point Perspective	Two-point perspective are two vanishing points (vp), which are located to the left and right of the viewer.Two-point perspective is usually used to represent three dimensions on a two-dimensional medium. All lines drawn in the blue axes are exactly perpendicular to the ground plane when viewing a 3 dimensional drawing viewed in 2 point perspective.
Typeface	the raised surface carrying the image of a type character cast in metal. Also used to refer to a complete set of Characters forming a family in a particular design or style.
Typescript	A typed manuscript.
Typo (US)	An abbreviation for typographical error. An error in the typeset copy.
Typographer	A specialist in the design of printed matter, and in particular the art of typography.
Typography	The design and planning of printed matter using type.
U
Universal Copyright Convention (UCC)	Gives protection to authors or originators of text, photographs or illustrations etc, to prevent use without permission or acknowledgment. The publication should carry the copyright mark c, the name of the originator and the year of publication.
UV Varnish	A liquid laminate that is bonded and cured with ultraviolet light.
V
Varnishing	A finishing process whereby a transparent varnish is applied over the printed sheet to produce a glossy finish.
Varnishing/Sealing	The application of a varnish/sealant to a surface to offer protection against marking and improve it's overall appearance.
Vellum	The treated skin of a calf used as a writing material. The name is also used to describe a thick creamy book paper.
Verso	Left handed page of an open publication.
Vertical Justification	Ability to adjust the interline spacing (leading) and manipulation of text in fine increments to make columns and pages end at the same point on a page.
Vignette	A small illustration in a book not enclosed in a definite border.
W
Walkthrough Tools	Tools used to view your model as through walking around and in your model
Wash up	To clean ink from rollers, fountains and other components of a press.
Watermark	An impression incorporated in the paper making process showing the name of the paper and/or the company logo.
Web	A continuous roll of printing paper used on web-fed presses.
Weight	The degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or font.
WF	Abbreviation for 'wrong fount'. Used when correcting proofs to indicate where a character is in the wrong typeface.
Widow	A single word left on the last line of a paragraph which falls at the top of a page.
Wire	Wire mesh used at the wet end of the paper making process. The wire determines the textures of the paper.
Wire Stitching	See saddle or side stitching.
Wire-O Binding	A method of wire binding books along the binding edge that will allow the book to lay flat.
Wood free Paper	Made from chemical pulp only with size added. Supplied calendered or supercalendered.
Word Break	The division of a word at the end of a line.
Word Wrap	Automatic adjustment of the number of words placed on a line of text to match the margin settings. The carriage returns set up by this method are termed "soft", as against "hard" carriage returns resulting from the return key being pressed.
Work and Tumble	A method of printing where pages are again imposed together. The sheet is then printed on one side with the sheet being turned or tumbled from front to rear to print the opposite side.
Work and Turn	To print one side of a sheet of paper then turn the sheet over from left to right and print the second side using the same gripper edge to print the second side.
Wove	A finely textured paper without visible wire marks.
WYSIWYG	What-you-see-is-what-you-get (pronounced "wizzywig") - used to describe systems that preview full pages on the screen with text and graphics. The term can however be a little misleading due to difference in the resolution of the computer screen and that of the page printer.
X
X Height	The height of lower case letters without their ascenders or descenders, which is the height of the letter x.
Xerography	a photocopying/printing process in which the image is formed using the electrostatic charge principle. The toner replaces ink and can be dry or liquid. Once formed, the image is sealed by heat. Most page printers currently use this method of printing.
X-Ray Mode	A display setting whereby all faces have an applied global transparency. X-Ray mode is useful for seeing, and sometimes editing, the inner workings of your model.

End of Glossary